Simple past tense

Functions of the Simple Past Tense

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

Examples

• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
• My father died last year.
• He lived in Fiji in 1976.
• We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions

• frequency: often, sometimes, always
  I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
  I often brought my lunch to school.
• a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
  We saw a good film last week.
  Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
  She finished her work atseven o'clock
  I went to the theatre last night
• an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
• She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Be Careful: The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.

Forming the Simple Past Tense

Patterns of simple past tense for regular verbs

Affirmative
Subject	+ verb + ed
I	skipped.
Negative
Subject	+ did not	+ infinitive without to
They	didn't	go.
Interrogative
Did	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Did	she	arrive?
Interrogative negative
Did not	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Didn't	you	play?

To Walk

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I walked	I didn't walk	Did I walk?
You walked	You didn't walk	Did you walk?
He walked	He didn't walk	Did he walk?
We walked	We didn't walk	Did we walk?
They walked	They didn't walk	Did they walk?

Simple past tense of to be, to have, to do

Subject	Verb
	Be	Have	Do
I	was	had	did
You	were	had	did
He/She/It	was	had	did
We	were	had	did
You	were	had	did
They	were	had	did

Notes on affirmative, negative, & interrogative forms

Affirmative

The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

• I was in Japan last year
• She had a headache yesterday.
• We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".

Examples

• They weren't in Rio last summer.
• We didn't have any money.
• We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
• We didn't do our exercises this morning.
• Were they in Iceland last January?
• Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
• Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.

Simple past, irregular verbs

Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.

to go

• He went to a club last night.
• Did he go to the cinema last night?
• He didn't go to bed early last night.

to give

• We gave her a doll for her birthday.
• They didn't give John their new address.
• Did Barry give you my passport?

to come

• My parents came to visit me last July.
• We didn't come because it was raining.
• Did he come to your party last week?

Mobilitas Sosial

Persamaannya :
- Perpindahan
- Penggeseran
- Perubahan
- Peningkatan
- Penurunan

1. Bentuk Mobilitas
    a. Horizontal
    b. Vertikal
    c. Intragenerasi
    d. Antargenerasi

2. Cara untuk melakukan mobilitas
    a. Perubahan standar hidup
    b. Perkawinan
    c. Perubahan tempat tinggal
    d. Perubahan tingkah laku
    e. Perubahan nama

3. Faktor penghambat mobilitas
    a. Perbedaan kelas rasial
    b. Agama
    c. Diskriminasi kelas
    d. Kemiskinan
    e. Perbedaan jenis kelamin

4. Saluran-saluran mobilitas
    a. Angkutan bersenjata
    b. Lembaga keagamaan
    c. Lembaga Pendidikan
    d. Organisasi politik
    e. Organisasi keahlian
    f. Perkawinan
    g. Organisasi ekonomi

5. Dampak mobilitas
    a. Konflik antar kelas
    b. Konflik antar kelompok
    c. Konflik antar generasi
    d. Penyusaian kembali

Peraturan dalam pertandingan bola volly

1. Pada sistem pertandingan memakai aturan setengah kompetisi di dalamnya terdapat 8 tim yang akan dibagi menjadi 2 group, setiap group terdiri dari 4 tim.
2. Jumlah maksimal pemain dalam pertandingan resmi bola voli standar Internasional dalam satu tim adalah 10 orang, Kemudian yang boleh bermain di lapangan hanya 6 orang dan 4 orang sebagai pemain cadangan.
3. Saat pertandingan berlangsung pelatih boleh mengganti pemain inti dengan pemain cadangan dan tidak ada batasan jumlah pergantian pemain.
4. Jika salah seorang atau lebih dari tim satu anggota tim sedang melakukan pertandingan untuk cabang olahraga lain, maka pertandingan tidak akan ditunda.
5. Dalam pertandingan bola voli jumlah minimal pemain yang boleh bermain di lapangan dalam satu tim adalah 4 orang.
6. Jika di lapangan dalam satu tim jumlah pemain kurang dari 4 orang, maka tim tersebut dianggap kalah oleh panitia pertandingan.
7. Setiap pertandingan bola voli berlangsung harus melewati 3 babak (best of three), Ketika pada babak pertama dan kedua telah dimenangkan oleh salah satu tim maka pertandingan babak ke tiga tidak perlu dilaksanakan.
8. Pada pertandingan bola voli sistem perhitungan angka menggunakan rally point maksmal pada 25 point.
9. Jika saat pertandingan berlangsung kedua tim mendapatkan poin yang sama di akhir yaitu (24 – 24), maka pertandingan akan ditamabah 2 poin. Tim yang pertama berhasil unggul dengan selisih 2 poin akan memenangkan pertandingan bola voli.
10. Tim akan mendapatkan nilai 1 apabila memenangkan permainan saat pertandingan penyisihan.
11. Jika kedua tim atau lebih memperoleh nilai yang sama, maka panitia pertandingan akan menentukan pemenang juara group dan runner-up dari kualitas angka yang didapat dari setiap set pada pertandingan sebelumnya.
12. Dalam pertandingan bola voli setiap mengakhiri babak, tim diwajibkan bertukar sisi lapangan. Apabila kedua tim telah mencapai babak ketiga, maka tim yang memperoleh nilai terendah dapat meminta kepada wasit untuk bertukar posisi lapangan. Hal ini hanya dilakukan jika poin telah mencapai angka 13.
13. Setiap tim boleh meminta waktu time out dan hanya boleh dilakukan 1 kali dalam setiap babak.
14. Wasit memberikan waktu time out hanya 1 menit.